1. This was indicated by the isotope effect observed in superconductors. 2. This mechanistic hypothesis is supported by kinetic isotope effect experiments. 3. Owing to experimental uncertainties, measurement of isotope effect may entail significant uncertainty. 4. Often isotope effects are determined through complementary studies on a series of isotopomers. 5. Multiple transformation pathways were revealed for atrazine by measuring isotope effects of multiple elements. 6. In many such reactions, leaving group isotope effects tend to be easier to interpret. 7. Interpretation of carbon isotope effects are usually complicated by simultaneously forming and breaking bonds to carbon. 8. Kinetic isotope effects are common in biological systems and are especially important for hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry. 9. There may thus be a small isotope effect even if the first step is rate-determining. 10. Accordingly, it is quite useful to combine hydrogen isotope effects with heavy-atom isotope effects.
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